Highly effective anti-cadherin antibody for induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in vivo

ABSTRACT

It is an object of the present invention to provide an anti-cadherin antibody having high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The present invention provides an anti-cadherin antibody, which recognizes any one of an upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5), wherein an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity at an antibody concentration of 1 μg/mL is 30% or more.

This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/318,422 filed on Feb. 7, 2012, which is the national phase of PCT International Application No. PCT/JP2010/057694 filed on Apr. 30, 2010, which claims the benefit of priority of JP 2009-111834, filed on May 1, 2009 and JP 2010-018416 filed on Jan. 29, 2010. The entire contents of each of the above-identified applications are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an anti-cadherin antibody that recognizes a specific domain of a cadherin and has high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

BACKGROUND ART

Cancer is a crucial disease that becomes a leading cause of death, but the therapeutic needs thereof have not yet been satisfied. In recent years, in order to solve the problem of the conventional chemotherapy in that it affects even normal cells, a cancer treatment using a molecular-targeted agent has been vigorously studied. In this cancer treatment, an agent is designed to target a specific molecule that is specifically expressed in cancer cells, and the cancer is treated with the thus designed agent.

Cadherin is an example of molecules that can be a target of a molecular-therapeutic agent in a cancer treatment. Cadherin is a membrane protein that has been discovered as a molecule that is calcium-dependently associated with homophilic cell adhesion (Yoshida and Takeichi, Cell 28: 217-224, 1982). Proteins that have cadherin repeats (ECs) consisting of approximately 110 amino acid residues having high homology to one another are referred to as cadherin superfamily. There

An increase in the expression of a cadherin in cancer cells has been reported. With respect to cancer cells in which the expression level of a cadherin in cancer tissues is higher than that in normal tissues, the use of an agent prepared by binding an anticancer agent to an antibody recognizing a cadherin or an antibody having antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) for the therapy of cancers has been studied (WO2002/097395 and WO2007/102525).

Based on the characteristics of their structures, proteins belonging to the cadherin superfamily can be broadly classified into (1) classical cadherins, (2) desmosomal cadherins, (3) protocadherins, and (4) other cadherins. Classical cadherins that are main members of the cadherin superfamily are highly homologous to one another (FIG. 1). That is, the classical cadherin is a single transmembrane protein that seems to form a dimer, and it has five cadherin domains of EC1-EC5 in the extracellular region thereof and an intracellular domain. Cell adhesion via such a classical cadherin is characterized in that it is carried out between homologous cells. Cells mutually recognize the same species of cadherin molecules each having different expression status that is specific to cell species, so that cell adhesion is carried out. Homologous cells mutually adhere to each other based on a mechanism whereby an E-cadherin recognizes an E-cadherin and binds thereto and a P-cadherin recognizes a P-cadherin and binds thereto (FIG. 2).

Mutual recognition regarding a homologous/heterologous cadherin is considered to be caused by a cadherin domain 1 (EC1) located at the N-terminus of an extracellular domain (Nose A. et al., Cell 61: 147-155, 1990). Klingel et al. have reported that when the amino acid sequence at positions 1 to 213 of a human P-cadherin (SEQ ID NO: 2) is substituted with the corresponding region of a human E-cadherin, the resultant product does not bind to the E-cadherin but binds to the P-cadherin (Klingel H. et al., J of Cell Science 113: 2829-36, 2000). Hence, classical cadherins including an E-cadherin and a P-cadherin as typical examples are considered to mutually bind to one another by a single same mechanism.

In recent years, a large number of antibody drugs for use in cancer treatments have been actually placed on the market as molecular-targeted agents, and certain therapeutic effects can be obtained. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a main antitumor mechanism of commercially available anticancer agents such as trastuzumab and rituximab, and the increase of the ADCC activity leads to the improvement of therapeutic effects, reduction in side effects, etc. Thus, studies for searching for an antibody having higher ADCC activity and the development of a technique of enhancing ADCC activity have been carried out. For example, there have been developed a technique of removing fucose at the end of a sugar chain binding to the Fc portion of an antibody (WO00/61739) and a technique of substituting amino acids in the Fc portion with other amino acids to enhance affinity for effector cells, so as to increase ADCC activity (WO2008/121160).

As described above, a concept of using an antibody having ADCC activity as a therapeutic agent for cancer is publicly known. However, although there is a report regarding the association of a domain structure with the functions of classical cadherins including a P-cadherin, there are no reports suggesting the association of the level of ADCC activity with the structures of classical cadherins.

PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS Patent Documents

-   [Patent Document 1] WO2002/097395 -   [Patent Document 2] WO2007/102525 -   [Patent Document 3] WO00/61739 -   [Patent Document 4] WO2008/121160

Non Patent Documents

-   [Non Patent Document 1] Yoshida and Takeichi, Cell 28: 217-224, 1982 -   [Non Patent Document 2] Nose A. et al., Cell 61: 147-155, 1990 -   [Non Patent Document 3] Klingel H. et al., J of Cell Science 113:     2829-36, 2000

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Object to be Solved by the Invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide an anti-cadherin antibody having high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Means for Solving the Object

The present inventor has conducted intensive studies directed towards achieving the aforementioned object. The inventor measured the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) activity of P-cadherin antibodies, and as a result, the inventor found that the P-cadherin antibodies tend to be divided into two groups, depending on the level of the ADCC activity. Thus, the present inventor classified the antibodies based on a region recognized by each antibody. As a result, it was found that an antibody having high ADCC activity recognizes any one of an upstream region of EC 1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5) with high probability.

Elements that specify the ADCC activity of an antibody include: the affinity of the Fc region of an antibody for the Fc receptor of an effector cell; the affinity of an antibody for an antigen; and an epitope recognized by an antibody. For exertion of the ADCC activity, it is essential that an antibody bind to an antigen, and that the Fc receptor of an effector cell bind to the Fc region of the antibody. It is assumed that the binding of an effector cell to the Fc region of an antibody involves a spatial limitation due to a difference in a CDH3 region to which the antibody binds, and thus that a difference in the level of the ADCC activity would be made. The present invention has been completed based on these findings.

Specifically, the present invention provides the following.

-   (1) An anti-cadherin antibody, which recognizes any one of an     upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin     domain 5 (EC5), wherein an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity     at an antibody concentration of 1 μg/mL is 30% or more. -   (2) The antibody according to (1) above, wherein the cadherin is a     P-cadherin. -   (3) The antibody according to (1) or (2) above, which is an antibody     produced by antibody-producing cells obtained from an immunized     animal, into which a soluble P-cadherin has been administered as an     immunogen. -   (4) The antibody according to any one of (1) to (3) above, which is     a monoclonal antibody. -   (5) A hybridoma, which produces the antibody according to (4) above. -   (6) A cytotoxic agent which comprises the antibody of any one of (1)     to (4) above. -   (7) The cytotoxic agent according to (6) above, which is     administered to cancer cells.

In the present specification, the term “an upstream region of EC1” is used to mean a region consisting of 24 amino acid residues on the side upstream of the EC1 of each of an E-cadherin, a P-cadherin and an N-cadherin, and the corresponding regions of other cadherins.

Effect of the Invention

The anti-cadherin antibody of the present invention is characterized in that it recognizes any one of a upstream region of EC 1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5), and has high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. An antibody capable of exhibiting high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is useful as a material for producing a modified antibody or an engineered antibody. In addition, the anti-cadherin antibody of the present invention is administered to cancer in which a cadherin is expressed, so that the present antibody can exhibit anticancer action having antibody-dependent cytotoxicity as a mode of action. That is to say, the anti-cadherin antibody of the present invention is useful as an anticancer agent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the sequences of mature proteins of an E-cadherin (CDH1), an N-cadherin (CDH2) and a P-cadherin (CDH3), wherein the signal and propeptide sequences are excluded.

FIG. 2 shows the adhesion mechanism of molecules belonging to the classical cadherin family.

FIG. 3 shows the results of a flow cytometry, in which a human CDH3 forced expression cell line was allowed to react with a commercially available anti-human CDH3 antibody. A: CDH3 forced expression CHO cells; B: CHO cells; a: 0.01 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody; b: 0.1 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody; and c: 1 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody.

FIG. 4 shows the results of a typical flow cytometry regarding the obtained three antibody cases and each cell line. A: CDH3 forced expression CHO cells; B: CHO cells; C: lung cancer-derived cell line NCI-H358; a: 0.01 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody; b: 0.1 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody; and c: 1 anti-CDH3 antibody.

FIG. 5 shows the ADCC activity of each antibody.

FIG. 6 shows the correlation of partial-length CDH3 protein fragments 1 to 5 with a CDH3 extracellular region.

FIG. 7 shows the results of expression of partial-length CDH3 proteins. A: fragment 1; B: fragment 2; C: fragment 3; D: fragment 4; and E: fragment 5.

FIG. 8 shows the reaction of partial-length CDH3 proteins with each antibody according to a Western blot method. A: fragment 1; B: fragment 2; C: fragment 3; D: fragment 4; and E: fragment 5.

FIG. 9 shows the results of the epitope analysis of PPMX13 using a peptide array. The numerical value on the X-axis indicates the number of the peptide array. A: PPMX13; and B: no primary antibodies.

FIG. 10 shows the results of the mRNA expression of CDH3 in various types of tumor tissues. A: normal tissues; B: various types of cancer tissues; and C: differentiation degree of pancreatic cancer.

FIG. 11 shows the results of the expression of CDH3 in various types of tumor tissues.

FIG. 12 shows the antitumor effect of PPMX12-producing antibody in a xenograft into which a human lung cancer-derived cell line NCI-H351 has been transplanted.

FIG. 13 shows the antitumor effect of PPMX12-producing antibody in a xenograft into which a human pancreatic cancer-derived cell line PK-45P has been transplanted.

FIG. 14 shows the antitumor effect of PPMX12-producing antibody in a xenograft into which a human skin cancer-derived cell line A431 has been transplanted.

EMBODIMENT FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present invention will be described more in detail below. The antibody of the present invention is: an anti-cadherin antibody, which recognizes any one of an upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5), wherein an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity at an antibody concentration of 1 μg/mL is 30% or more; an anti-cadherin antibody, which recognizes any one of an upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5), wherein an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity at an antibody concentration of 0.1 μg/mL is 25% or more (which is, for example, stronger than the activity of PPMX5); or an anti-cadherin antibody, which recognizes any one of an upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5), wherein the maximum ADCC activity is 35% or more (which is, for example, stronger than the activity of PPMX6). Herein, the term “maximum ADCC activity” is used to mean ADCC activity obtained when an antibody concentration is increased and an increase in the ADCC activity reaches plateau.

In the present specification, the upstream region of EC1, the cadherin domain 1 (EC1), the cadherin domain 2 (EC2), the cadherin domain 3 (EC3), the cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and the cadherin domain 5 (EC5) of each of a P-cadherin, an E-cadherin and an N-cadherin are as described below. Moreover, the corresponding regions of other cadherins can be determined by making a comparison among the sequences of known cadherin proteins obtained from Genbank and the like. The sequences can be compared using a known program such as Clustal W2 (Thompson J D et al., Nucleic Acids Research 22 (22): 3673-3680, 1994) or Clustal X2 (Thompson J D et al., Nucleic Acids Research 25 (24): 4876-4882, 1997).

P-cadherin (CDH3)

-   Upstream region of EC1: amino acids at positions 108-131 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 -   Cadherin domain 1 (EC1): amino acids at positions 132-236 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 -   Cadherin domain 2 (EC2): amino acids at positions 237-348 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 -   Cadherin domain 3 (EC3): amino acids at positions 349-461 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 -   Cadherin domain 4 (EC4): amino acids at positions 462-550 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 -   Cadherin domain 5 (EC5): amino acids at positions 551-654 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2

E-cadherin (CDH 1)

-   Upstream region of EC1: amino acids at positions 155-178 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 -   Cadherin domain 1 (EC 1): amino acids at positions 179-283 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 -   Cadherin domain 2 (EC2): amino acids at positions 284-395 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ 1D NO: 4 -   Cadherin domain 3 (EC3): amino acids at positions 396-507 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 -   Cadherin domain 4 (EC4): amino acids at positions 508-597 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 -   Cadherin domain 5 (EC5): amino acids at positions 598-704 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4

N-cadherin (CDH2)

-   Upstream region of EC1: amino acids at positions 160-183 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 -   Cadherin domain 1 (EC1): amino acids at positions 184-288 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 -   Cadherin domain 2 (EC2): amino acids at positions 289-402 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 -   Cadherin domain 3 (EC3): amino acids at positions 403-518 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 -   Cadherin domain 4 (EC4): amino acids at positions 519-607 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 -   Cadherin domain 5 (EC5): amino acids at positions 608-719 of the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6

The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC activity) can be measured by a known method. The numerical value of the ADCC activity of the present specification means antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity measured under the same measurement conditions as those in Example 4. Specifically, the ADCC activity can be measured as follows.

(1) Preparation of Effector Cells

Bone-marrow cells were collected from the femur of a C3H/HeJ Jcl mouse (8-week-old, male, CLEA Japan, Inc.), and the cells were then prepared to a concentration of 2×10⁶ cells/mL in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium. Thereafter, the cells were cultured for 6 days in the presence of 50 ng/mL human IL-2 (PEPROTECH) and 10 ng/mL mouse GM-CSF (PEPROTECH). On the day of measurement, the cells were recovered and were then washed with a 10% FBS-containing HAM medium, so as to prepare an effector cell solution.

(2) Preparation of Target Cells

As target cells, full-length CDH3-expressing CHO cells (EXZ1501) were used. The cells were removed from a plate, and were then suspended in a 10% FBS-containing HAM medium to a concentration of 1×10⁷ cells/mL. Then, ⁵¹Cr was added to the suspension to a final concentration of 150 μCi. The thus obtained mixture was cultured in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 1.5 hours. The resultant cells were washed with a medium twice, and a 10% FBS-containing HAM medium was then added thereto. Thereafter, the cells were inoculated on a 96-well U-bottom plate (NUNC) to a concentration of 1×10⁴ cells/mL, so as to prepare target cells.

(3) Measurement of ADCC Activity

An antibody solution, which had been prepared to have a concentration of each of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL, was dispensed in 50 μL/well into the target cells. The obtained mixture was incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. Thereafter, 100 μL of the effector cells (1×10⁵ cells/well) was dispensed therein, and the obtained mixture was then cultured in a CO₂ incubator for 4 hours. Thereafter, a culture supernatant was recovered, and radioactivity in 100 μL of the culture supernatant was measured with a scintillation counter. Cytotoxicity can be obtained by the following formula.

Cytotoxicity (%)=(A−C)/(B−C)×100

-   A: the radioactivity value (cpm) of each antibody-added well -   B: the radioactivity value (cpm) of a well, in which 100 μL of a 2%     NP40 solution and 50 μL of a 10% FBS-containing RPMI medium have     been added to the target cells -   C: the radioactivity value (cpm) of a well, in which 150 μL of a 10%     FBS-containing medium comprising the effector cells has been added     to the target cells

The type of a cadherin recognized by the antibody of the present invention is desirably a classical cadherin. Examples of the classical cadherin include, but are limited to, an E-cadherin, an N-cadherin, and P-cadherin.

As an antigen used to produce the antibody of the present invention, a cadherin or a partial peptide thereof can be used. An example of such an antigen that can be used herein is a soluble CDH3 protein. However, examples are not limited thereto.

The antibody of the present invention may be either a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody. The antibody of the present invention (a polyclonal antibody and a monoclonal antibody) can be produced by any one of various methods. Methods for producing such antibodies are well known in the present technical field [see, for example, Sambrook, J et al., Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989)].

(a) Preparation of Polyclonal Antibody

In order to produce a polyclonal antibody, a cadherin or a partial peptide thereof (which is preferably any one of an upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5)) is used as an antigen, and a mammal such as a rat, a mouse or a rabbit is immunized with this antigen. The applied dose of the antigen per animal is 0.1 to 100 mg, when no adjuvant is used. It is 1 to 100 μg, when an adjuvant is used. Examples of the adjuvant include a Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), a Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), and an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Immunization is mainly carried out by injection into the vein, subcutis, abdominal cavity, etc. In addition, immunization interval is not particularly limited, and immunization is carried out at intervals of several days to several weeks, and preferably of 2 to 5 weeks, 1 to 10 times, and preferably 2 to 5 times. Then, six to sixty days after the final immunization, antibody titer is measured according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), etc. Blood is collected on the day when the maximum antibody titer is obtained, and antiserum is then obtained. When an antibody needs to be purified from the antiserum, it can be purified by selecting an appropriate method from known methods such as ammonium sulfate precipitation method, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography, or by combining such known methods.

(b) Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody

In order to produce a monoclonal antibody, first, a cadherin or a partial peptide thereof (which is preferably any one of an upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5)) is used as an antigen, and a mammal such as a rat, a mouse or a rabbit is immunized with this antigen. The applied dose of the antigen per animal is 0.1 to 100 mg, when no adjuvant is used. It is 1 to 100 μg, when an adjuvant is used. Examples of the adjuvant include a Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), a Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), and an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Immunization is mainly carried out by injection into the vein, subcutis, abdominal cavity, etc. In addition, immunization interval is not particularly limited, and immunization is carried out at intervals of several days to several weeks, and preferably of 2 to 5 weeks, 1 to 10 times, and preferably 2 to 5 times. Then, one to sixty days, and preferably one to fourteen days after the final immunization, antibody-producing cells are collected. Examples of antibody-producing cells include splenic cells, lymph node cells, and peripheral blood cells. Of these, splenic cells and local lymph node cells are preferable.

To obtain cell fusion hybridomas, antibody-producing cells are fused with myeloma cells. As myeloma cells to be fused with antibody-producing cells, commonly available established cells from an animal such as a mouse can be used. Preferably, the used cell line has drug selectivity, cannot survive in a HAT selective medium (containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine) when it is in an unfused state, and can survive only in a state in which it is fused with antibody-producing cells. Examples of myeloma cells include a mouse myeloma cell line such as P3X63-Ag.8.U1 (P3U1) and NS-1.

Subsequently, the aforementioned myeloma cells are fused with the aforementioned antibody-producing cells. For cell fusion, antibody-producing cells (1×10⁶ to 1×10⁷ cells/ml) are mixed with myeloma cells (2×10⁵ to 2×10⁶ cells/nil) in a medium used for culture of animal cells, such as DMEM or RPMI-1640 medium containing no serum (wherein the ratio between the antibody-producing cells and the myeloma cells is preferably 5:1), and fusion is then carried out in the presence of a cell fusion promoter. As a cell fusion promoter, polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 1000 to 6000 Daltons, or the like can be used. Alternatively, the antibody-producing cells can also be fused with the myeloma cells using a commercially available cell fusion apparatus that utilizes electrical stimulation (for example, electroporation).

Hybridomas of interest are selected from the cells after completion of the cell fusion treatment. As a selection method, a cell suspension is appropriately diluted with a fetal bovine serum-containing RPMI-1640 medium, for example, and the thus diluted solution is then inoculated on a microtiter plate to a concentration of approximately 3×10⁵ cells/well. Thereafter, a selective medium is added to each well, and the obtained mixture is then cultured, while appropriately exchanging the medium with a fresh selective medium. As a result, cells that grow approximately 14 days after initiation of the culture in the selective medium can be obtained as hybridomas.

Subsequently, whether or not an antibody of interest is present in a culture supernatant of the growing hybridomas is screened. The screening of the hybridomas may be carried out according to an ordinary method, and thus the screening method is not particularly limited. For example, an aliquot of the culture supernatant contained in the well in which the hybridomas have grown is collected, and thereafter, a hybridoma that produces an antibody binding to the upstream region of EC1, the EC4 domain or the EC5 domain of a cadherin can be screened. The cloning of the fused cells is carried out by a limiting dilution method or the like, and a hybridoma that is a monoclonal antibody-producing cell can be finally established.

As a method of collecting a monoclonal antibody from the thus established hybridomas, a common cell culture method, an ascites collection method or the like can be adopted. In the case of the cell culture method, hybridomas are cultured in an animal cell culture medium such as a 10% fetal bovine serum-containing RPMI-1640 medium, MEM medium or a serum-free medium under ordinary culture conditions (for example, at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ concentration) for 7 to 14 days, and an antibody is then obtained from the culture supernatant.

In the case of the ascites collection method, hybridomas (approximately 1×10⁷ cells) are administered into the abdominal cavity of an animal of the same species as a mammal, from which myeloma cells are derived, so that large quantities of hybridomas are allowed to grow. Then, one to two weeks later, the ascites is collected. When purification of an antibody is necessary in the above-described antibody collection method, the antibody can be purified by selecting an appropriate method from known methods such as ammonium sulfate precipitation method, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography, or by combining such known methods.

The type of the antibody of the present invention is not particularly limited. Any of a mouse antibody, a human antibody, a rat antibody, a rabbit antibody, a sheep antibody, a camel antibody, an avian antibody and the like, and a genetically recombinant antibody that is artificially modified for the purpose of reduction in heterogenetic antigenecity against human, such as a chimeric antibody and a humanized antibody, may be used. A genetically recombinant antibody can be produced by a previously known method. A chimeric antibody is an antibody consisting of the variable regions of heavy and light chains of a mammalian antibody other than a human antibody, such as a mouse antibody, and the constant regions of heavy and light chains of a human antibody. Such a chimeric antibody can be obtained by ligating DNA encoding the variable region of a mouse antibody to DNA encoding the constant region of a human antibody, then incorporating the thus ligated DNA into an expression vector, and then introducing the expression vector into a host, so as to produce an antibody of interest. A humanized antibody is prepared by transplanting the complementarity determining region (CDR) of a mammalian antibody other than a human antibody, for example, the CDR of a mouse antibody, into the CDR of a human antibody. A common genetic recombination method therefor has been known. Specifically, a DNA sequence designed such that the CDR of a mouse antibody is ligated to the framework region (FR) of a human antibody is synthesized by PCR method from several oligonucleotides produced such that they have some overlapping portions at the termini thereof The obtained DNA is ligated to DNA encoding the constant region of a human antibody, and the thus ligated DNA is then incorporated into an expression vector. This expression vector is introduced into a host, so that the host generates a humanized antibody (EP239400, International Publication WO96/02576, etc.).

Also, a method of obtaining a human antibody has been known. For example, human lymphocytes are sensitized in vitro with a desired antigen or cells that express a desired antigen, and the thus sensitized lymphocytes are then fused with human myeloma cells such as U266, so as to obtain a desired human antibody having binding activity to an antigen (see JP Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 1-59878 B (1989)). Alternatively, a transgenic animal having all repertories of human antibody genes is immunized with a desired antigen, so as to obtain a desired human antibody (see WO93/12227, WO92/03918, WO94/02602, WO94/25585, WO96/34096, and WO96/33735). Moreover, a technique of obtaining a human antibody by panning of a human antibody library has also been known. For example, the variable region of a human antibody is allowed to express as a single-stranded antibody (scFv) on the surface of a phage according to a phage display method, and a phage binding to an antigen can be selected. Then, by analyzing the gene of the selected phage, the sequence of DNA encoding the variable region of a human antibody binding to an antigen can be determined. If the DNA sequence of the scFv binding to the antigen is determined, a suitable expression vector is prepared from the sequence, and a human antibody can be then obtained. These methods have already been publicly known, and WO92/01047, WO92/20791, WO93/06213, WO93/11236, WO93/19172, WO95/01438 and WO95/15388 can be used as references.

These antibodies may be any of monovalent antibodies, divalent antibodies and polyvalent antibodies, unless they lose their characteristics in that they are: antibodies which recognize any one of an upstream region of EC 1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5), wherein an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity at an antibody concentration of 1 μg/mL is 30% or more; antibodies which recognize any one of an upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5), wherein an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity at an antibody concentration of 0.1 μg/mL is 25% or more (which is, for example, stronger than the activity of PPMX5); or antibodies which recognize any one of an upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4) and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5) wherein a maximum ADCC activity is 35% or more (which is, for example, stronger than the activity of PPMX6). Moreover, the antibodies may also be low molecular weight antibodies such as antibody fragments, modified products of antibodies, and the like. Furthermore, an antibody, which is prepared by fusing a Fc portion with an antibody fragment or a low molecular weight antibody, such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fv, scFv (single chain Fv), or Diabody, so as to acquire ADCC activity, may also be used. In order to obtain such an antibody, a gene encoding such an antibody may be constructed, the gene may be then introduced into an expression vector, and the gene may be then allowed to express in a suitable host cell.

As a modified product of antibody, an antibody that is bound to various types of molecules such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) may be used. Moreover, it may also be possible to bind a radioisotope, a chemotherapeutic agent or the like to an antibody. A radiolabeled antibody is particularly useful. Such a modified product of antibody can be obtained by performing chemical modification on the obtained antibody. It is to be noted that a method of modifying antibodies is known to a person skilled in the art.

Since the antibody of the present invention exhibits high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, it can be used as a cytotoxic agent. The cytotoxic agent of the present invention may cause damage on, for example, cancer cells that express cadherin, by allowing it to come into contact with the cancer cells.

The cytotoxic agent of the present invention may comprise, as appropriate, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, an excipient, a diluent and other additives as well as the antibody of the present invention, as necessary. The cytotoxic agent of the present invention can be formulated in the form of an injection, for example. The applied dose of the cytotoxic agent of the present invention depends on the degree of symptoms, age and body weight of a patient, an administration method, and the like. The applied dose is generally within the range from approximately 10 ng/kg of body weight to approximately 100 mg/kg of body weight, in terms of the weight of an antibody as an active ingredient.

The present invention will be more specifically described in the following examples. However, these examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Establishment of CDH3-Expressing CHO Cell Line

In order to obtain a cell line used in the screening of an anti-CDH3 antibody, CHO cells that expressed full-length CDH3 were established.

(1) Preparation of Expression Vector for CDH3 Gene

In order to insert full-length human CDH3 DNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 into a mammalian expression vector pEF4/myc-HisB (Invitrogen), the DNA was treated with two types of restriction enzymes KpnI (Takara Bio Inc.) and XbaI (Takara Bio Inc.) at 37° C. for 1 hour, and it was then inserted into pEF4/myc-HisB treated with the same KpnI and XbaI according to an ordinary method using T4 DNA ligase (Promega), so as to obtain an expression vector pEF4-CDH3-myc-His.

(2) Achievement of CDH3 Stably Expressing Cell Line

In accordance with the protocols of FuGENE (registered trademark) 6 transfection reagent (Roche Diagnostics), on the day before transfection, CHO cells (8×10⁵ cells) were inoculated on a dish with a diameter of 10 cm, and they were then cultured overnight. Thereafter, 8 μg of the expression vector pEF4-CDH3-myc-His and 16 μL of the FuGENE 6 reagent were mixed into 400 μL of a serum-free RPMI 1640 medium (SIGMA-ALDRICH), and the mixture was then left at room temperature for 15 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was added to the cell culture solution, so as to carry out transfection. Two days after the transfection, using a selective reagent (Zeocin (registered trademark)), cloning was carried out according to a limiting dilution method.

Clones of full-length CDH3-expressing CHO cells were selected according to a Western blot method using an anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody (SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY). As a result, there was obtained a full-length CDH3-expressing CHO cell line (EXZ1501) which provided a high expression level of CDH3 and was able to grow favorably. The measurement results of a flow cytometry, in which the above-mentioned cell line was allowed to react with a commercially available anti-CDH3 antibody (R & D SYSTEMS), EMS), are shown in FIG. 3.

Example 2 Preparation of Soluble CDH3 Antigen

A soluble CDH3 (sCDH3) protein, in which its C-terminal transmembrane region and the subsequent regions were deleted, was prepared to be used as an immunogen in the production of an anti-CDH3 antibody.

(1) Preparation of Expression Vector for Soluble CDH3 Antigen

Using full-length CDH3 cDNA as a template, a PCR reaction was carried out employing a forward primer (SEQ ID NO. 7: CGCGGTACCATGGGGCTCCCTCGT (hCDH3 Full FW)) and a reverse primer (SEQ ID NO. 8: CCGTCTAGATAACCTCCCTTCCAGGGTCC (hCDH3 Solb RV)) that had been designed to amplify a region corresponding to a CDH3 extracellular region (which corresponds to 1-654 of SEQ ID NO: 2; hereinafter referred to as sCDH3 cDNA). KOD-Plus (Toyobo Co., Ltd.) was used in the reaction, and the reaction was carried out under reaction conditions consisting of 30 cycles of 94° C.-15 seconds, 55° C.-30 seconds and 68° C-90 seconds.

Thereafter, a gel fragment containing an approximately 2.0 kbp band that was a size of interest was cut out in agarose gel electrophoresis, and using QIA (registered trademark) quick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN), sCDH3 cDNA of interest was obtained.

In order to insert this sCDH3 cDNA into an expression vector pEF4/myc-HisB, the DNA was treated with two types of restriction enzymes KpnI and XbaI, and it was then inserted into pEF4/myc-HisB treated with the same KpnI and XbaI according to an ordinary method using T4 DNA ligase, so as to obtain an expression vector pEF4-sCDH3-myc-His.

(2) Expression of Soluble CDH3 Protein

In accordance with the protocols of the FuGENE 6 transfection reagent, on the day before transfection, CHO cells (8×10⁵ cells) were inoculated on a dish with a diameter of 10 cm, and they were then cultured overnight. Thereafter, 8 μg of the expression vector pEF4-sCDH3-myc-His and 16 μL of the FuGENE 6 reagent were mixed into 400 μL of a serum-free RPMI 1640 medium, and the mixture was then left at room temperature for 15 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was added to the cell culture solution, so as to carry out transfection. Two days after the transfection, using a selective reagent (Zeocin), cloning was carried out according to a limiting dilution method.

Soluble CDH3-expressing CHO cells were selected according to a Western blot method using an anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody (SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY). It was attempted to select a cell line, which secreted a large amount of soluble CDH3 into the culture supernatant and which was able to grow favorably. As a result, a soluble CDH3-expressing CHO cell line (EXZ1702) was obtained. Using three roller bottles each having a culture area of 1,500 cm², the selected soluble CDH3-expressing CHO cell line (EXZ1702) was cultured for 72 hours in 333 mL of a serum-free medium CHO-S-SFM-II (Invitrogen) per roller bottle. Thereafter, a culture supernatant was recovered. A soluble CDH3 protein was obtained from the recovered culture supernatant according to affinity chromatography using HisTrap (registered trademark) HP column (GE Healthcare Biosciences) and gel filtration chromatography using Superdex (registered trademark) 200 pg column (GE Healthcare Biosciences).

Example 3 Production of Anti-CDH3 Monoclonal Antibody (1) Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody Using Soluble CDH3 Protein as Immunogen

50 μg of a soluble CDH3 protein dissolved in a normal saline and Titer-MAX Gold (registered trademark) (TiterMax) were mixed at equal volume. The obtained mixture was injected into the abdominal cavity and subcutis of an MRL/lpr mouse (Japan SLC, Inc.) so as to carry out initial immunization. The second immunization and the subsequent immunizations were carried out by mixing a soluble CDH3 protein (protein amount: 25 μg) that had been prepared in the same manner as described above with Titer-MAX gold and then injecting the obtained mixture into the abdominal cavity and subcutis of the mouse. Three days after the final immunization, splenic cells were aseptically prepared from the mouse, and the splenic cells were then fused with mouse myeloma cells SP2/O-Ag14 or P3-X63-Ag8.653 according to an ordinary method (polyethylene glycol method).

(2) Selection of Anti-CDH3 Antibody-Producing Hybridomas

An anti-CDH3 antibody was selected by flow cytometry using a CHO cell line (EXZ1501) expressing full-length CDH3.

Specifically, the CHO cell line (EXZ1501) that expressed full-length CDH3 was treated with 2 mM EDTA-PBS, so that it was removed from the culture plate. Thereafter, the cells were suspended in a FACS solution to a concentration of 1×10⁶ cells/mL. This cell suspension was inoculated on a 96-well plate to a concentration of 50 μL/well, and a culture supernatant of hybridomas was then added thereto, so that they were reacted at 4° C. for 60 minutes. Thereafter, the reaction solution was washed with a FACS solution (200 μL/well) two times, and AlexaFluor 488-labeled anti-mouse IgG-goat F(ab′)₂ (Invitrogen) was added to the resultant. Then, the mixture was reacted at 4° C. for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the reaction solution was washed with a FACS solution two times, and it was then subjected to flow cytometry, so as to select hybridomas that were strongly reacted with the CDH3-expressing CHO cells.

The results of typical reactions of the antibody obtained from the aforementioned hybridomas with CDH3-expressing CHO cells (EXZ1501), with CHO cells as a parent cell line, and with cancer cells NCI-H358 that had been confirmed to express CDH3 at a high level, are shown in FIG. 4. All of the selected hybridomas were confirmed to react with the CDH3-expressing CHO cells (EXZ1501) and with the NCI-H358, but not to react with the CHO cells.

Example 4 Measurement of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxic (ADCC) Activity of Anti-CDH3 Antibody

ADCC activity was measured by a method comprising allowing an antibody to act on radiolabeled target cells in the presence of effector cells and then measuring the released radioactivity.

(1) Preparation of Effector Cells

Bone-marrow cells were collected from the femur of a C3H/HeJ Jcl mouse (8-week-old, male, CLEA Japan, Inc.), and the cells were then prepared to a concentration of 2×10⁶ cells/mL in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium. Thereafter, the cells were cultured for 6 days in the presence of 50 ng/mL human IL-2 (PEPROTECH) and 10 ng/mL mouse GM-CSF (PEPROTECH). On the day of measurement, the cells were recovered and were then washed with a 10% FBS-containing HAM medium, so as to prepare an effector cell solution.

(2) Preparation of Target Cells

As target cells, full-length CDH3-expressing CHO cells (EXZ1501) were used. The cells were removed from a plate, and were then suspended in a 10% FBS-containing HAM medium to a concentration of 1×10⁷ cells/mL. Then, ⁵¹Cr was added to the suspension to a final concentration of 150 μCi. The thus obtained mixture was cultured in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 1.5 hours. The resultant cells were washed with a medium twice, and a 10% FBS-containing HAM medium was then added thereto. Thereafter, the cells were inoculated on a 96-well U-bottom plate (NUNC) to a concentration of 1×10⁴ cells/mL, so as to prepare target cells.

(3) Measurement of ADCC Activity

An antibody solution, which had been prepared to have a concentration of each of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL, was dispensed in 50 μL/well into the target cells. The obtained mixture was incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. Thereafter, 100 μL of the effector cells (1×10⁵ cells/well) was dispensed therein, and the obtained mixture was then cultured in a CO₂ incubator for 4 hours. Thereafter, a culture supernatant was recovered, and radioactivity in 100 μL of the culture supernatant was measured with a scintillation counter.

Cytotoxicity was obtained by the following formula.

Cytotoxicity (%)=(A−C)/(B−C)×100

-   A: the radioactivity value (cpm) of each antibody-added well -   B: the radioactivity value (cpm) of a well, in which 100 μL of a 2%     NP40 solution and 50 μL of a 10% FBS-containing RPMI medium have     been added to the target cells -   C: the radioactivity value (cpm) of a well, in which 150 μL of a 10%     FBS-containing medium comprising the effector cells has been added     to the target cells

The test was carried out by measuring ADCC activity according to a triplicate assay, and cytotoxicity (%) was calculated based on the obtained mean value.

The test results are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 5. An antibody group having particularly strong ADCC activity was found among antibodies having ADCC activity. Antibodies wherein ADCC activity at an antibody concentration of 1 μg/mL was 30% or more, were defined as a high ADCC activity group. Antibodies wherein ADCC activity at the same antibody concentration was less than 30%, were defined as a low ADCC activity group.

TABLE 1 Antibody concentration (μg/mL) Antibody Subtype 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 Evaluation* PPMX3 IgG1  6%  9% 17% 22% W PPMX9 IgG1 16% 17% 17% 19% W PPMX11 IgG1 11% 15% 18% 23% W PPMX15 IgG1 12% 16% 16% 17% W R&D-104805 IgG1 10% 12% 16% 19% W BD-610227 IgG1 11% 11% 10%  8% W PPMX1 IgG1  8% 11% 10% 16% W PPMX10 IgG1 11% 27% 40% 40% S PPMX13 IgG1 11% 19% 43% 45% S PPMX18 IgG1 13% 21% 43% 49% S PPMX14 IgG1  7% 20% 45% 51% S PPMX4 IgG1  8% 14% 35% 46% S PPMX5 IgG1 12% 13% 28% 40% S PPMX6 IgG1 10% 16% 35% 37% S PPMX16 IgG1  8% 16% 35% 42% S PPMX17 IgG1 13% 31% 48% 45% S PPMX2 IgG2a  7%  8%  9% 11% W PPMX21 IgG2a 10% 11% 11% 14% W PPMX7 IgG2a  9% 11% 16% 18% W PPMX8 IgG2a 10% 14% 18% 26% W PPMX20 IgG2a  9%  6%  9% 10% W PPMX23 IgG2a 10% 10%  9% 12% W PPMX22 IgG2a 12% 11% 12% 17% W PPMX12 IgG2a 11% 17% 36% 41% S PPMX19 IgG2b  8% 11% 15% 33% S Negative Ab1 IgG1 10% 10%  9%  8% — Negative Ab2 IgG2a 12% 13% 13% 11% — R & D-104805 indicates a commercially available CDH3 antibody (R & D SYSTEMS). BD-610227 indicates another commercially available CDH3 antibody (BD BIOSCIENCES). Negative Ab1 and Ab2 indicate antibodies that recognize antigens irrelevant to CDH3. *S: high ADCC activity (30% or more at an antibody concentration of 1 (μg/mL) W: low ADCC activity (less than 30% at an antibody concentration of 1 μg/mL)

Hybridoma PPMX12 that produces antibody PPMX12 was deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with the International Patent Organism Depositary, the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, an Independent Administrative Institution under the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2-5-8, Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba-ken, Japan, postal code: 292-0818), under accession No. NITE BP-865 on Jan. 20, 2010.

Example 5 Classification of Epitopes of Anti-CDH3 Monoclonal Antibody with Use of Partial-Length CDH3-Expressing Protein

The obtained anti-CDH3 antibody epitopes were classified by a Western blot method with CDH3 partial sequence expression products. As such CDH3 partial sequence expression products, fragments 1 to 5 were designed, so that the sequences of the fragments could be sufficiently overlapped (FIG. 6).

(1) Production of Expression Vector for Partial-Length CDH3 Protein

Using the full-length CDH3 cDNA of Example 1 as a template, a PCR reaction was carried out employing the after-mentioned primer sets. Using iProof High Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Bio-Rad), the reaction was carried out under reaction conditions consisting of 35 cycles of 98° C.-10 seconds, 60° C.-10 seconds, and 72° C.-30 seconds. Thereafter, gel containing a band with a size near the size of interest was cut out in agarose gel electrophoresis, and using QIA (registered trademark) quick Gel Extraction Kit, a CDH3 cDNA fragment of interest was obtained.

In order to insert this CDH3 cDNA fragment into an Escherichia coli expression vector pCold (registered trademark) TF (Takara Bio Inc.), the fragment was treated with two types of restriction enzymes KpnI and XbaI, and it was then inserted into pCold TF treated with the same KpnI and XbaI according to an ordinary method using T4 DNA ligase, so as to obtain an expression vector for expressing each fragment.

Using the following primer sets, PCR reactions were carried out, so as to obtain each fragment.

Fragment 1 (positions 108-236 of SEQ ID NO: 2) Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 9) TATGGAGCTCGGTACCGATTGGGTGGTTGCTCCAATATCTG Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 10) AGATTACCTATCTAGACTACTGCATCACAGAAGTACCTGGTAGG Fragment 2 (positions 132-348 of SEQ ID NO: 2) Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 11) TATGGAGCTCGGTACCAAGTCTAATAAAGATAGAGACACCAAG Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 12) AGATTACCTATCTAGACTACCTCTGCACCTCATGGCCCACTGCATT CTCA Fragment 3 (positions 237-461 of SEQ ID NO: 2) Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 13) TATGGAGCTCGGTACCGTGACAGCCACGGATGAGGATGATG Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 14) AGATTACCTATCTAGACTAGACACACACAGGCTCCCCAGTG Fragment 4 (positions 349-550 of SEQ ID NO: 2) Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 15) TATGGAGCTCGGTACCCTGACGGTCACTGATCTGGACG Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 16) AGATTACCTATCTAGACTAGGGCTCAGGGACTGGGCCATGGTCATTG Fragment 5 (positions 462-654 of SEQ ID NO: 2) Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 17) TATGGAGCTCGGTACCTACACTGCAGAAGACCCTGACAAGG Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 18) AGATTACCTATCTAGACTAACCTCCCTTCCAGGGTCCAGGGCAGG TTTCG

(2) Expression of Partial-Length CDH3 Protein

Using the expression vector of the CDH3 fragment described in (1) above, Escherichia coli Rossetta (registered trademark) 2 (Merck) was transformed according to an ordinary method, and the transformant was then cultured in a LB medium. When the absorbance at 600 nm became 0.4, the culture product was cooled on ice for 30 minutes. Then, the concentration of isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was set at 0.5 mM, and the cells was cultured at 20° C. for 18 hours, and the resultant was then recovered.

The expression of a partial-length CDH3 protein was confirmed by electrophoresing the culture solution of the Escherichia coli, subjecting the resultant to a Western blot method using an anti-Penta-His antibody (QIAGEN), and then confirming the presence of a band in a predicted position.

Specifically, an electrophorestic buffer was added to the above-described Escherichia coli culture solution in an amount of 1/10 of the culture solution, and the thus mixed solution was then charged to 5%-20% gradient gel (Bio-Rad) under reductive conditions, followed by performing electrophoresis. Thereafter, the resultant was transferred on Immobilon (registered trademark) P membrane (Millipore). The transfer membrane was lightly washed with TBS-T (0.05% Tween (registered trademark) 20, TBS), and it was then shaken in 40% BSA-containing ‘IBS for 1 hour. Thereafter, each anti-CDH3 antibody that had been diluted with TBS-T containing 10% Block Ace (registered trademark) (Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd.) was added to the resultant, and the obtained mixture was then shaken for 1 hour. Thereafter, the reaction product was washed with TBS-T, and a HRP-anti-mouse IgG antibody (GE Healthcare Biosciences) diluted with 10% Block Ace-containing TBS-T was added thereto, followed by shaking the obtained mixture for 1 hour. Subsequently, the reaction product was washed with TBS-T. Using ECL (registered trademark)-Plus (GE Healthcare Biosciences), color development was detected with X-ray film RX-u (Fujifilm Corporation) in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer. The obtained results are shown in FIG. 7.

(3) Classification of Antibody Epitopes Using CDH3 Partial Sequence Expression Products

The above-described Escherichia coli lysate, in which each partial-length CDH3 protein had been expressed, was charged to 5%-20% gradient gel (Bio-Rad) under reductive conditions, followed by performing electrophoresis. Thereafter, using a blotting device (Bio-Rad), the resultant was transferred on Immobilon P membrane (Millipore). The transfer membrane was lightly washed with TBS-T (0.05% Tween 20, TBS), and it was then shaken in 40% BSA-containing TBS for 1 hour. Thereafter, the membrane was cut at equal intervals in the form of straps, and each anti-CDH3 antibody that had been diluted with 10% Block Ace-containing TBS-T was added thereto. The obtained mixture was shaken for 1 hour. Thereafter, the reaction product was washed with TBS-T, and a HRP-anti-mouse IgG antibody (GE Healthcare Biosciences) diluted with 10% Block Ace-containing TBS-T was added thereto, followed by shaking the obtained mixture for 1 hour. Subsequently, the reaction product was washed with TBS-T. Using ECL (registered trademark)-Plus (GE Healthcare Biosciences), color development was detected with X-ray film RX-u (Fujifilm Corporation) in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer. The obtained results are shown in FIG. 8.

Regions recognized by individual antibodies were determined based on the reactivity with each partial-length CDH3 protein (Table 2).

Correspondence relation with regions on the CDH3 sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 that are recognized by individual antibodies is shown below.

-   Upstream region of EC1: positions 108-131 -   EC1: positions 132-236 -   EC2: positions 237-348 -   EC3: positions 349-461 -   EC4: positions 462-550 -   EC5: positions 551-654

TABLE 2 Antibody concentration (μg/mL) Antibody Subtype 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 Evaluation* Recognized region PPMX3 IgG1  6%  9% 17% 22% W Region upstream of EC1 PPMX9 IgG1 16% 17% 17% 19% W Region upstream of EC1 PPMX11 IgG1 11% 15% 18% 23% W EC1 PPMX15 IgG1 12% 16% 16% 17% W Region upstream of EC1 R&D-104805 IgG1 10% 12% 16% 19% W Region upstream of EC1 BD-610227 IgG1 11% 11% 10%  8% W EC1 PPMX1 IgG1  8% 11% 10% 16% W EC3 PPMX10 IgG1 11% 27% 40% 40% S Region upstream of EC1 PPMX13 IgG1 11% 19% 43% 45% S Border between EC3 and EC4 PPMX18 IgG1 13% 21% 43% 49% S EC4 PPMX14 IgG1  7% 20% 45% 51% S EC5 PPMX4 IgG1  8% 14% 35% 46% S Region upstream of EC1 PPMX5 IgG1 12% 13% 28% 40% S Region upstream of EC1 PPMX6 IgG1 10% 16% 35% 37% S Region upstream of EC1, or EC5 PPMX16 IgG1  8% 16% 35% 42% S EC5 PPMX17 IgG1 13% 31% 48% 45% S EC5 PPMX2 IgG2a  7%  8%  9% 11% W Region upstream of EC1 PPMX21 IgG2a 10% 11% 11% 14% W Region upstream of EC1 PPMX7 IgG2a  9% 11% 16% 18% W EC1 PPMX8 IgG2a 10% 14% 18% 26% W EC1 PPMX20 IgG2a  9%  6%  9% 10% W EC2 PPMX23 IgG2a 10% 10%  9% 12% W Region upstream of EC1, or EC3 PPMX22 IgG2a 12% 11% 12% 17% W EC4 PPMX12 IgG2a 11% 17% 36% 41% S Region upstream of EC1 PPMX19 IgG2b  8% 11% 15% 33% S EC4 Negative Ab1 IgG1 10% 10%  9%  8% — — Negative Ab2 IgG2a 12% 13% 13% 11% — — R & D-104805 indicates a commercially available CDH3 antibody (R & D SYSTEMS). BD-610227 indicates another commercially available CDH3 antibody (BD BIOSCIENCES). Negative Ab1 and Ab2 indicate antibodies that recognize antigens irrelevant to CDH3. *S: high ADCC activity (30% or more at an antibody concentration of 1 μg/mL) W: low ADCC activity (less than 30% at an antibody concentration of 1 μg/mL)

Example 6 Determination of Anti-CDH3 Monoclonal Antibody Epitopes Using Peptide Array

A peptide array (Replitope; manufactured by JPT Peptide Technologies) was applied to antibody PPMX13 that was considered to correspond to a boundary region in the above-described epitope determination using a partial-length CDH3-expressing protein, so that epitope determination was carried out more in detail.

Specifically, a region corresponding to the extracellular region of CDH3 (which corresponds to positions 108-563 of SEQ ID NO: 2) was shifted by every 13 residues from the N-terminus, while each initial residue was shifted by every two amino acid residues (that is, positions 108-120, 110-122, . . . and 551-563), so as to synthesize peptides. The thus synthesized peptides were immobilized on a glass slide, and were then blocked by SuperBlock (PIERCE). The thus prepared product was used as a primary antibody, and it was allowed to react with antibodies as targets of epitope searching. The reaction product was washed with TBS-T three times, and detection was then carried out using an anti-mouse antibody (PIERCE) that had been fluorescently labeled with DyLight649. A primary antibody that had not been allowed to react with the antibody as a epitope searching target was used as a negative control in the measurement. The measurement results are shown in FIG. 9. Strong signals were observed in regions corresponding to positions 446-472 and 490-504 of the amino acid sequence of CDH3 shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and these were assumed to be epitopes of the present antibody.

The correlation of ADCC activity in view of the results regarding the regions recognized by the antibodies, which were determined in Examples 5 and 6, was analyzed. As a result, it was found that antibodies having high ADCC activity were concentrated in an upstream region of EC1, the EC4 region and the EC5 region.

Example 7 Expression of CDH3 mRNA in Normal Tissues and Cancer Tissues

Samples were recovered from normal human tissues and various types of cancer tissues according to a Lase Capture Microdissection method. Total RNA was prepared from the recovered samples according to a common method using ISOGEN (Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.). 10 ng each of RNA was subjected to the analysis of gene expression using GeneChip U-133B (Affimetrix) in accordance with Expression Analysis Technical Manual (Affimetrix). The mean value of the expression scores of all genes was set at 100, and genes whose expression was increased in cancer cells were then searched. As a result, it was found that CDH3 was highly expressed in lung cancer, colon cancer, and pancreatic cancer (FIG. 10B). In addition, the expression of CDH3 mRNA in various types of pancreatic cancer tissues having different degrees of differentiation was studied. As a result, there were found tissues in which CDH3 was highly expressed, regardless of degree of differentiation (FIG. 10C).

Example 8 Expression of CDH3 Protein in Cancer Tissues by Immunohistochemical Staining

In order to confirm the expression of a CDH3 protein in cancer clinical samples, immunostaining was carried out using cancer sample tissue arrays.

As such cancer sample tissue arrays, pancreatic cancer (adenocarcinoma), lung cancer (adenocarcinoma), lung cancer (squamous-cell carcinoma) and colon cancer (adenocarcinoma), which were manufactured by Shanghai Outdo Biotech Co., Ltd.), were used.

Each tissue array slide was deparaffinized, and it was then activated with 10 mM Tris-1 mM EDTA (pH 9.0) at 95° C. for 40 minutes. Using a blocking reagent included with ENVISION+ Kit (Dako), endogenous peroxidase was inactivated, and the resultant was then reacted with anti-CDH3 antibody 610227 (BD BIOSCIENCES) and anti-HBs antibody Hyb-3423 used as a negative control, in a concentration of 5 μg/mL at 4° C. overnight. After the antibody solution had been washed out, the resultant was reacted with a polymer secondary antibody reagent included with ENVISION+ Kit at room temperature for 30 minutes. Thereafter, color development was carried out using a coloring reagent included with ENVISION+ Kit, and nuclear staining was then carried out with a hematoxylin eosin solution.

The results are shown in FIG. 11. Cancer cells were stained with the anti-CDH3 antibody, and normal cells were not stained therewith.

Example 9 Antitumor Effects in Xenograft Models

The antitumor effect of an anti-CDH3 antibody was confirmed using xenografts, into which a human lung cancer-derived cell line NCI-H358, a human skin cancer-derived cell line A431, and a human pancreatic cancer-derived cell line PK-45P had been transplanted.

NCI-H358 and PK-45P were cultured in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI 1640 medium, whereas A431 was cultured in a 10% FBS-containing DMEM medium. Thereafter, each cell line was transplanted into the subcutis of the right ventral portion of each SCID mouse (female, 7-week-old, CLEA Japan), resulting in a concentration of 5×10⁶ cells/mouse.

NCI-H358-transplanted mice were divided into six groups (n=8). A PPMX12-producing antibody was administered in a concentration of 0.01 mg/kg, 0.06 mg/kg, 0.3 mg, kg, or 1.5 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse in each group. A RCB1205-producing antibody (anti-pertussis toxin mouse IgG antibody) used as a control was administered in a concentration of 7.5 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse in each group. Administration was initiated at the time point in which the mean tumor diameter became 90 mm³, and the aforementioned antibody was administered twice a week (every 3 or 4 days) eight times in total.

PK-45P-transplanted mice were divided into two groups (n=8). A PPMX12-producing antibody was administered in a concentration of 7.5 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse in each group. A RCB1205-producing antibody (anti-pertussis toxin mouse IgG antibody) used as a control was administered in a concentration of 7.5 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse in each group. Administration was initiated at the time point in which the mean tumor diameter became 120 mm³, and the aforementioned antibody was administered twice a week (every 3 or 4 days) seven times in total.

A431-transplanted mice were divided into two groups (n=8). A PPMX12-producing antibody was administered in a concentration of 7.5 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse in each group. A RCB1205-producing antibody (anti-pertussis toxin mouse IgG antibody) used as a control was administered in a concentration of 7.5 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse in each group. Administration was initiated at the time point in which the mean tumor diameter became 110 mm³, and the aforementioned antibody was administered twice a week (every 3 or 4 days) six times in total.

On the day of administration, a tumor size and a body weight were measured. After completion of the final administration, the mice were further observed for one week, and a body weight, a tumor size, and a tumor weight were measured. The results of each type of mouse were shown in FIGS. 12-14. The PPMX12-producing antibody exhibited antitumor activity in all of the tests. In addition, it was confirmed that antitumor effect was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner in the test using the NCI-H358-transplanted mice. 

1. A method for lysing cancer cells, comprising contacting the cytotoxic agent with cancer cells, wherein the cytotoxic agent comprises an antibody which is produced from the hybridoma PPMX12, Accession No.NITE BP-865.
 2. A method for lysing cancer cells, comprising contacting the cytotoxic agent with cancer cells, wherein the cytotoxic agent comprises a chimeric or humanized antibody which is obtained from the antibody which is produced from the hybridoma PPMX12, Accession No.NITE BP-865.
 3. The method for lysing cancer cells according to claim 1, wherein the antibody is Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fv, scFv or diabody.
 4. The method for lysing cancer cells according to claim 2, wherein the antibody is Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fv, scFv or diabody. 